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<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" dtd-version="1.4" article-type="research-article" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международный научный вестник</journal-title></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2782-3849</issn></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24412/2782-3849-2026-10-198-208</article-id><article-categories><subj-group><subject>Other</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="ru">Профайлинг: разграничение предметных областей и пределов обоснованного вывода</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Profiling: delimiting the subject areas and the limits of a warranted conclusion</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Спирица</surname><given-names>Евгений Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><email>info@icdsgroup.com</email></contrib><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">директор Международного центра детекции лжи и профайлинга (ICDS‑GROUP), преподаватель МГУ имени М.В. Ломоносова, юрист, психолог, антрополог, педагог, эксперт‑профайле‑верификатор, Москва, Россия</institution></aff></aff-alternatives></contrib-group><pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-10-28"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><issue>10</issue><fpage>198</fpage><lpage>208</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-09-23"><day>23</day><month>09</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-10-26"><day>26</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></date></history><self-uri content-type="pdf" xlink:href="profayling-razgranichenie-predmetnyh-oblastey-i-predelov-obosnovannogo-vyvoda-198-208.pdf" xlink:title="PDF"/><abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Оценки научного статуса профайлинга расходятся от полного отрицания до признания практической результативности, причём обе стороны опираются на добросовестные данные. Настоящая работа устанавливает причину расхождения: наименованием «профайлинг» в русскоязычном обороте объединены три познавательные процедуры, различающиеся объектом, предметом, задачей, исходными данными, продуктом и процедурой валидации. Материалом послужили три корпуса опубликованных исследований — по криминалистическому портретированию, по невербальной поведенческой верификации и по оценке сообщения на основе содержательных критериев и протоколов интервьюирования, — а также русскоязычные тексты, употребляющие общее наименование; каждая область описана по семи одинаковым основаниям. Показано, что ни одно основание не совпадает у всех трёх областей, вследствие чего они не образуют континуума зрелости одной дисциплины. Описана ошибка межпредметного переноса — использование результата, полученного при решении одной задачи, как достаточного основания для вывода по другой без обоснования перехода; выделены четыре её варианта и обратный вариант, при котором опровержение одной процедуры предъявляется как опровержение всего наименования. Предложены минимальный состав описания результата из шести позиций и матрица разграничения, применимые при рецензировании заключений и при оценке программ подготовки. Работа не измеряет частоты описанной ошибки и не оценивает валидности ни одной из трёх областей; автор профессионально занят в третьей из них, что зафиксировано в декларации конфликта интересов.</p></abstract><abstract xml:lang="en" abstract-type="summary"><p>Assessments of the scientific standing of profiling range from outright rejection to claims of practical effectiveness, and both sides rely on sound data. This paper establishes the cause of that divergence: in Russian usage the term "profiling" covers three cognitive procedures that differ in object, subject matter, task, input data, product and validation procedure. The material comprises three bodies of published research — on offender profiling, on nonverbal behavioural veracity judgement, and on content-based credibility assessment and investigative interviewing protocols — together with Russian-language texts that use the common label; each area is described along the same seven parameters. No parameter is shown to coincide across all three areas, so they do not form a continuum of maturity within one discipline. The paper describes the cross-domain transfer error — using a result obtained for one task as sufficient ground for a conclusion about another without warranting the transition — and distinguishes four variants of it, plus a reverse variant in which the refutation of one procedure is presented as the refutation of the whole label. A six‑item minimum description of a result and a delimitation matrix are proposed, applicable to the review of expert opinions and to the assessment of training programmes. The work does not measure how frequent the error is and does not evaluate the validity of any of the three areas; the author works professionally in the third, as stated in the conflict‑of-interest declaration.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>криминалистическое портретирование</kwd><kwd>поведенческая верификация</kwd><kwd>достоверность показаний</kwd><kwd>предмет науки</kwd><kwd>подмена объёма вывода</kwd><kwd>критериальная валидность</kwd><kwd>судебная экспертиза</kwd><kwd>компетенция специалиста</kwd><kwd>терминология</kwd><kwd>уголовный процесс</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>offender profiling</kwd><kwd>behavioural veracity judgement</kwd><kwd>statement credibility</kwd><kwd>subject matter of a discipline</kwd><kwd>scope substitution</kwd><kwd>criterion validity</kwd><kwd>forensic examination</kwd><kwd>competence of a specialist</kwd><kwd>terminology</kwd><kwd>criminal procedure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><ref id="ref1"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[1] Белкин Р.С. Курс криминалистики: в 3 т. — 3-е изд., доп. — М.: ЮНИТИ-ДАНА, 2001.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref2"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[2] Енгалычев В. Ф., Кравцова Г. К., Холопова Е. Н. Судебная психологическая экспертиза по выявлению признаков достоверност​и/​недостоверно​сти информации, сообщаемой участниками уголовного судопроизводства (по видеозаписям следственных действий и оперативно-разыскных мероприятий): монография. — М.: Юрлитинформ, 2016. — 328 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref3"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[3] Информационное письмо «О неправомерности определения достоверности показаний путём судебной экспертизы»: утв. научно-методическим советом ФБУ РФЦСЭ при Минюсте России (протокол № 6 от 15.06.2016) и учёным советом ФГБУ «ФМИЦПН им. В. П. Сербского» Минздрава России (протокол № 7 от 20.06.2016) // Теория и практика судебной экспертизы. — 2016. — № 3 (43).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref4"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[4] Комиссарова Я. В. Концептуальные основы профессиональной деятельности эксперта в уголовном судопроизводстве: автореф. дис. … д‑ра юрид. наук. — М., 2013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref5"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[5] О государственной судебно-экспертной деятельности в Российской Федерации: Федеральный закон от 31.05.2001 № 73-ФЗ (ст. 4, 8).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref6"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[6] Уголовно-процессуальный кодекс Российской Федерации (ст. 57, 58, 74, 80, 204).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref7"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[7] Чаленко Н. В. Развитие социально-психологической компетентности сотрудников службы профайлинга: дис. … канд. психол. наук: 19.00.05. — М., 2010. — 235 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref8"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[8] Русскоязычная работа, относящая профайлинг к разделу криминалистики.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref9"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[9] Учебное или методическое издание по профайлингу, объединяющее три предмета под общим наименованием.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref10"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[10] Собственная работа автора о смешении языков описания в исследованиях оценки достоверности.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref11"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[11] Alison L., Smith M. D., Morgan K. Interpreting the accuracy of offender profiles // Psychology, Crime &amp;amp; Law. — 2003. — Vol. 9, no. 2. — P. 185–195.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref12"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[12] Amado B. G., Arce R., Fariña F. Undeutsch hypothesis and Criteria Based Content Analysis: A meta-analytic review // European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context. — 2015. — Vol. 7, no. 1. — P. 3–12.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref13"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[13] Bond C. F. Jr., DePaulo B. M. Accuracy of deception judgments // Personality and Social Psychology Review. — 2006. — Vol. 10, no. 3. — P. 214–234.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref14"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[14] Canter D. V., Alison L. J., Alison E., Wentink N. The organized/disorganized typology of serial murder: Myth or model? // Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. — 2004. — Vol. 10, no. 3. — P. 293–320.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref15"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="ru">[15] Denault V., Plusquellec P., Jupe L. M. 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A systematic review and meta-analysis of 40 years of research // Psychological Bulletin. — 2018. — Vol. 144, no. 12. — P. 1247–1274.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref46"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">[19] Granhag P. A., Hartwig M. The Strategic Use of Evidence technique: A conceptual overview // Detecting Deception: Current Challenges and Cognitive Approaches / eds. P. A. Granhag, A. Vrij, B. Verschuere. — Chichester: Wiley, 2015. — P. 231–251.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref47"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">[20] Hartwig M., Granhag P. A., Luke T. J. Strategic use of evidence during investigative interviews: The state of the science // Credibility Assessment / eds. 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[et al.] Validity of content-based techniques to distinguish true and fabricated statements: A meta-analysis // Law and Human Behavior. — 2016. — Vol. 40, no. 4. — P. 440–457.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref50"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">[23] Ormerod T. C., Dando C. J. Finding a needle in a haystack: Toward a psychologically informed method for aviation security screening // Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. — 2015. — Vol. 144, no. 1. — P. 76–84.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref51"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">[24] Palena N., Caso L., Vrij A., Nahari G. The verifiability approach: A meta-analysis // Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition. — 2021. — Vol. 10, no. 1. — P. 155–166.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref52"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">[25] Snook B., Cullen R. M., Bennell C., Taylor P. J., Gendreau P. The criminal profiling illusion: What’s behind the smoke and mirrors? // Criminal Justice and Behavior. — 2008. — Vol. 35, no. 10. — P. 1257–1276.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref53"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">[26] Vrij A. Criteria-Based Content Analysis: A qualitative review of the first 37 studies // Psychology, Public Policy, and Law. — 2005. — Vol. 11, no. 1. — P. 3–41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="ref54"><mixed-citation publication-type="other" xml:lang="en">[27] Vrij A., Hartwig M., Granhag P. A. Reading lies: Nonverbal communication and deception // Annual Review of Psychology. — 2019. — Vol. 70. — P. 295–317.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
